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پاورپوینت ژنتیک به زبان انگلیسی

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Genetics

Chapter 13

Genetic Engineering

Selective Breeding

Allowing only organisms with desired characteristics to breed

Hybridization-crossing dissimilar organisms to bring together the best of both organisms

Hybrid vigor

Selective Breeding

Inbreeding-continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics

Increased risk of genetic diseases

Increasing Variation

Genetic variation in a population can be increased by inducing mutations

Ex) treat bacteria with radiation

Ex) force plants

to be polyploids

Genetic Engineering

Making changes in the DNA code of living organisms

DNA Extraction= cells are opened and DNA is seperated

Cutting DNA= use restriction enzymes to cut DNA into small pieces

Separating DNA= gel electrophoresis uses the different size and charge of molecules to separate the DNA

Using the DNA Sequence

Knowing the sequence of an organisms’ DNA allows researchers

to study specific genes,

to compare them with the genes of other organism,

to try to discover the functions of different genes and gene combinations

Reading the DNA Sequence

Cutting and Pasting

Short sequences can be assembled using DNA synthesizers and added to natural DNA using enzymes

DNA from one organism can be added to another with enzymes

Recombinant DNA

Making Copies-polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Allows us to make many copies of a gene

Cell Transformation

A cell takes in DNA from outside the cell.

In bacteria new DNA is added to plasmids

Genetic marker is added to the new DNA

Cell Transformation-Plants

Use bacteria that insert their plasmids into plant cells

Remove the cell wall and sometimes plants will take up foreign DNA

Directly insert DNA

Transformation is successful when recombinant DNA is integrated into one of the chromosomes of the cell

Cell transformation-Animals

Inject directly into cells (egg cells are large enough)

We can knock out specific genes and replace them

Transgenic Organisms

Organisms that have genes from other organisms

Transgenic Microorganism

Bacteria have the gene for

Human insulin

Human growth hormone

Human clotting factors

Transgenic Animals

Animals are more human like so we can study them

Live stock are more hardy and produce more

Transgenic Plants

Add genes for

Natural insecticides

Resist weed-killing chemicals

Plants that produce human antibodies

Foods that can resist rot

Rice with vitamin A

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